Cashins & Associates Blog

Indoor Air Quality Surveys During Building Renovation

Fri, 06 Mar 2026 19:00:19 GMT

The Importance of Baseline, Follow-up, and Final Surveys

Construction activities such as demolition, cutting, welding, equipment operation, and the use of solvents or coatings can contaminate indoor air if not properly controlled. Generally, contaminants of concern include carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and airborne dust particulates. Each of these contaminants can cause negative health effects after acute or chronic exposure. Carbon monoxide is particularly dangerous because it prevents oxygen from being carried through the bloodstream. VOCs can cause eye irritation, headaches, and general discomfort. High concentrations of dust particles can cause respiratory irritation and even permanent lung damage.

Additionally, many office and residential buildings request regular IAQ monitoring , even when no construction is underway. This allows building owners to stay on top of occupant health and identify any building issues that need to be addressed. Temperature, relative humidity, and mold spores may also be considered to provide additional context about the HVAC system and its impact on contaminant movement. When examined together, these parameters provide a broad snapshot of air quality conditions influenced by common construction activities.

Baseline IAQ Survey

To ensure that construction activities do not adversely affect building occupants, Cashins & Associates, Inc. conducts IAQ surveys before, during, and after active work. Before starting a project, a baseline IAQ survey assesses the building's existing conditions. This serves as a reference point for differentiating construction-related impacts from other sources of indoor air pollution. Without an accurate baseline IAQ, it is challenging to establish appropriate site limits, which are essential for guiding the construction team on the level of controls needed.

Based on the initial measurements, we will set the air quality limits for construction activities. In some situations, different areas within the same building might need separate site limits because of specific conditions or functions. For example, a building’s basement can have higher dust levels before construction due to infrequent cleaning, poor airflow, or the building's age. Conversely, the upper floors may have much less dust than the basement. Similarly, a dedicated laboratory might have higher levels of VOCs compared to office or lobby spaces. The baseline IAQ survey records the conditions in your client’s space before your work begins.

Follow-up IAQ Survey

Once construction begins, it is vital to conduct frequent monitoring to identify and resolve IAQ issues promptly. If poor indoor air quality remains unaddressed, it could lead to complaints from building occupants and even cause work stoppages. Cashins utilizes real-time monitoring equipment that enables immediate adjustments to controls or work practices if elevated readings are detected. By using real-time data, a Cashins inspector can swiftly identify the source of contamination and advise the site supervisor on where to focus their controls. This proactive method reduces downtime, minimizes disruption to building operations, and helps ensure compliance with project-specific health and safety standards.

In most cases, multiple follow-up IAQ surveys are performed to ensure compliance throughout all project phases. The frequency of these surveys depends on the project's length and changes in work activities. Some projects will require more monitoring early on, but survey frequency can be decreased once it is confirmed that contaminants are kept at acceptable levels. Typical IAQ survey intervals are weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly.

Conducting regular IAQ surveys helps building occupants and contractors feel confident about the indoor air quality. Documented IAQ monitoring provides objective proof that proper controls are in place and effective. This data can demonstrate due diligence, lower liability, and facilitate clear communication with building owners and occupants. Instead of relying only on visual observations or assumptions, contractors can use measurable data to verify their protective measures.

Closeout IAQ Survey

At the end of a project, the results of a final IAQ survey can indicate whether a completed construction area is ready for occupancy. Before a renovated area is closed out and turned over to the building owners, it should be free of airborne contaminants. The incoming occupants should feel safe and comfortable in the newly completed space. The goal is to protect occupants while minimizing disruptions and liability during construction and renovation activities.

The closeout IAQ Survey records the condition of the space after all construction work is finished. This final data can be compared to the baseline to ensure the renovation did not impact the space. This is important information in case an air quality complaint arises weeks or months after the renovation is completed.

Indoor air quality surveys before, during, and after construction are essential for a successful project. These surveys show the building owner and occupants that their health and safety are a priority. As a business owner, they also help ensure your staff’s productivity remains unaffected by the renovation. These surveys benefit and safeguard all stakeholders involved in the renovation process.

Are you planning a renovation project? Click the button below to get in touch with an expert who can let you know how we can help keep a safe and healthy environment during this disruptive work.

Asbestos State Notifications - What You Need to Know

Fri, 03 Oct 2025 14:58:47 GMT

Renovating a Building? Here is what you need to know about asbestos.

The Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA), passed in 1986, required the EPA to regulate inspections in public and non-profit schools, leading to the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP). NESHAP specifies work practices for asbestos during demolitions and renovations in all buildings, excluding residential buildings with four or fewer units. Building owners or contractors must notify state agencies before such projects.

States must follow federal regulations regarding asbestos; however, federal laws are not thoroughly restrictive. This has caused several states to develop their own laws with stricter rules. Some states have laws that require all occupants, workers, and visitors to be informed about the presence of ACM. Some states even require sellers to disclose the presence of asbestos in their homes. At the very least, the state agency in each U.S. state must be notified before demolition or renovation work is performed. The remainder of this discussion will cover the Massachusetts state notifications and the concrete steps you must follow.

Massachusetts mandates notifying the Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) and the Department of Labor Standards (DLS) at least ten working days before construction or demolition work begins. These 10 days exclude weekends and holidays. Notifications are required for construction, demolition, and asbestos abatement projects. Renovation projects are considered a type of demolition. MassDEP also requires a separate asbestos notification for any asbestos abatement, removal, or disposal project. Building owners must hire a DLS-certified asbestos inspector to collect samples for asbestos analysis before work begins. Inspections are required prior to the renovation of ALL BUILDINGS regardless of age. Failure to comply can result in penalties and risks to worker safety and contaminating the building itself. The inspector provides sample results, which are used to file state notifications.

Steps for Filing Notifications in Massachusetts:

AQ06 Notification

The licensed asbestos inspector provides their findings and license number to the building owner or contractor (GC).
File the AQ06 notification at this link: File AQ06 .
Ensure the AQ06 is filed at least ten working days before the project’s start date.
Complete Section C of the AQ06 form, including details about the asbestos survey and abatement activities. If ACM is present, provide the inspector’s name and certification number.

AQ04 (ANF-001) Notification

If asbestos is found, the building owner or GC must file an AQ04 notification: File AQ04 .
Retain a licensed asbestos abatement contractor and include their DLS license and certification numbers in the AQ04 form.
After filing, the MassDEP will issue an Asbestos Notification Form (ANF-001) number.
Include the ANF-001 number in Section C of the AQ06 form if asbestos was found.

MassDEP notifications meet the requirements set by state, DLS, and the federal EPA. After filing, it is essential to inform the local board of health and fire department about any project involving asbestos-containing materials (ACM). Once the necessary state notifications have been submitted to MassDEP, the notifying party must inform the town, city, or municipal board of health and fire department that workers will be present inside a containment area or building with ACM.

In summary, Massachusetts requires a notification ten (10) working days before work begins on the construction or demolition of a building. A separate notification needs to be filed with MassDEP for each project. The state notification requirements and work practice standards contained in the regulations protect public health, worker safety, and the environment by preventing the release of asbestos emissions into the ambient and indoor air.

If you have an upcoming renovation project, we can perform the necessary inspections and guide you through the regulatory process. Click the button below and one of our asbestos experts will get back to you right away.

For more information, visit: MassDEP Asbestos Guidelines .

The Silent Threat: Commonly Overlooked Ototoxic Substances That Can Harm Your Hearing

Thu, 02 Oct 2025 21:18:54 GMT

Chemical Exposures That Can Harm Your Hearing

What Is Ototoxicity?

Ototoxicity refers to the harmful effects of certain substances on the structures of the inner ear, particularly the cochlea (responsible for hearing) and the vestibular system (responsible for balance). Exposure can lead to temporary or permanent hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), or issues with balance. Alarmingly, many ototoxic agents lurk in everyday items and medications that we often use without a second thought. Workplace chemical use can result in ototoxic hearing loss. An industrial hygiene survey or audit should be performed by employers to make sure this risk doesn't remain unknown.

Prescription Medications: An Underappreciated Risk.

While prescription drugs can be essential for health, some pose a hidden risk of ototoxicity. Here are a few common offenders:

Aminoglycoside Antibiotics (e.g., Gentamicin, streptomycin): Often used to treat serious infections. These antibiotics can cause lasting damage to your inner ear, even at normal doses, particularly in patients with kidney issues.

Loop Diuretics (e.g., Furosemide): Prescribed for heart failure and hypertension. These can lead to hearing loss, especially when combined with other ototoxic drugs.

Chemotherapy Agents (e.g., Cisplatin): Used in cancer treatment, with Cisplatin being known for causing irreversible inner ear damage.

Macrolide Antibiotics (e.g., Erythromycin): Commonly used for infections, but they can cause temporary hearing loss at high doses.

Antimalarial Drugs (e.g., Chloroquine, quinine): These can result in hearing loss and tinnitus.

Salicylates (e.g., high doses of aspirin): These can lead to temporary ringing in the ears that usually resolves once the medication is stopped.

Over-the-Counter Medications: Risks in Plain Sight

Though OTC medications are often viewed as safe, some can be ototoxic, especially if not used correctly:

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) (e.g., Ibuprofen): Regular high-use can lead to issues with hearing due to reduced blood flow to the inner ear.

Acetaminophen : Frequent use might contribute to hearing loss by depleting protective compounds in the cochlea.

Cold and Allergy Medications (e.g., pseudoephedrine): These can restrict blood flow to the inner ear and may cause temporary tinnitus.

Household Chemicals: Hidden Dangers

Surprisingly, some everyday products contain chemicals that can be damaging to your hearing over time:

Solvents (e.g., Toluene in paint thinners): Prolonged exposure can be linked to auditory damage and tinnitus. Always use these products in well-ventilated areas and wear proper protective gear.

Pesticides (e.g., Organophosphates): Chronic exposure can lead to hearing loss. It’s important to follow safety guidelines and wear protective gear while handling them.

Adhesives and Glues : Many of these contain harmful substances that can have similar effects on hearing.

By being informed about these ototoxic substances, we can take proactive steps to protect our hearing health. It’s crucial to talk to your healthcare provider about the risks associated with any medications you’re taking and to be mindful of the chemicals we use in our daily lives. Let's prioritize our hearing health by staying educated and cautious!

If you are concerned about this issue in your workplace, let your employer know. They can click the button below and we can help determine what the risk is.

Understanding Workplace Safety: The Roles of NIOSH and OSHA

Fri, 15 Nov 2024 17:22:52 GMT

NIOSH and OSHA: Two Safety and Health Agencies - Discover Their Differences

What is NIOSH? (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health | NIOSH | CDC)

NIOSH was established in 1970 under the Occupational Safety and Health Act. NIOSH was created in response to the growing concerns about workplace safety amid rising industrialization and increasing workplace injuries and fatalities during the mid-20th century. This act aimed to ensure that all American workers had safe and healthy working conditions. NIOSH functions as a research agency under the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), focusing on conducting scientific research, developing recommendations, and providing education aimed at preventing work-related injuries and illnesses.

NIOSH engages in extensive epidemiological studies and industrial hygiene assessments to identify workplace hazards and understand the long-term health effects of occupational exposures. For instance, NIOSH sets Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs) for various hazardous substances, such as a REL of 0.1 mg/m³ for lead exposure over an 8-hour shift, which serves as a guideline to help protect workers from lead poisoning. Additionally, NIOSH’s Total Worker Health initiative emphasizes the integration of occupational safety with health promotion, addressing both physical and mental health in the workplace.

What is OSHA? (Home | OSHA.gov | Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

OSHA was also created by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, primarily as a regulatory body within the U.S. Department of Labor. The establishment of OSHA was driven by the urgent need for federal oversight to ensure safe and healthy working conditions in response to the alarming rates of workplace injuries and illnesses. OSHA’s mission is to save lives, prevent injuries, and protect the health of American workers through the enforcement of standards.

OSHA develops legally binding regulations across various industries, which include the General Industry Standards (29 CFR Part 1910) and Construction Standards (29 CFR Part 1926), addressing specific hazards and practices. For example, the Fall Protection Standard (29 CFR 1926.501) requires protective measures for construction workers at elevations to prevent serious injuries. OSHA also conducts inspections to enforce compliance with these standards, responding to complaints and identifying unsafe conditions in workplaces. Additionally, OSHA provides consultation services, offering free advice to small businesses to help them identify hazards and improve their safety practices without the fear of penalties.

Key Similarities

NIOSH and OSHA, while serving different functions, both play vital roles in enhancing workplace safety and health across the United States. Established by the same Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, they share a common mission to reduce workplace injuries and illnesses. Both organizations rely on scientific research to develop effective strategies and recommendations, ensuring that their guidelines are evidence-based. They also prioritize education and training, offering resources that help employers and employees recognize and mitigate potential workplace hazards. Additionally, both agencies are committed to fostering collaboration among stakeholders, including businesses, labor unions, and health professionals, to create safer work environments.

By aligning their efforts, NIOSH and OSHA collectively contribute to a stronger framework for occupational safety, demonstrating that effective communication and collaboration are key to protecting workers.

Key Differences

While both agencies are essential for workplace safety, there are notable differences in how they operate, particularly in their approach to standard development.

OSHA's Lengthy Process

OSHA’s process for creating new standards can be lengthy, often involving extensive research, public comment periods, and negotiations that can take years to complete. Since the 1980s, it has taken OSHA an average of almost 8 years to put out a final rule. This slow pace can make it challenging for OSHA to respond quickly to urgent safety issues, leaving gaps in regulation during critical times.

NIOSH's Rapid Response

In contrast, NIOSH can issue recommendations and guidelines much in a matter of months, based on its research findings, allowing organizations to adopt necessary changes immediately. For instance, if NIOSH identifies a significant risk related to a new chemical exposure, it can quickly release guidelines for employers to follow, whereas OSHA’s formal rule-making process may lag behind, delaying the establishment of enforceable standards.

Practical Steps for Employers

To effectively integrate the guidance from both NIOSH and OSHA, organizations can follow these key steps:

Conduct a Comprehensive Assessment: Evaluate the workplace to identify potential hazards based on OSHA regulations and NIOSH recommendations.
Develop Safety Policies: Create clear safety policies that align with both OSHA standards and NIOSH guidelines.
Implement Training Programs: Provide training for employees on OSHA compliance and NIOSH best practices for hazard recognition and safety controls.
Establish Reporting Mechanisms: Encourage employees to report unsafe conditions or violations without fear of retaliation.
Utilize Resources: Access educational materials and guidelines from both OSHA and NIOSH to stay up to date on best practices and regulations.
Monitor Effectiveness: Regularly review safety practices, conduct audits, and seek employee feedback to improve compliance and evaluate hazard control effectiveness.

By implementing these steps, organizations can enhance workplace safety and promote the health and safety of their employees while adhering to OSHA standards and NIOSH recommendations.

Conclusion

By understanding the unique strengths of NIOSH and OSHA, organizations can leverage both agencies to enhance their safety programs. NIOSH’s focus on research and rapid response complements OSHA’s regulatory framework, providing legally binding standards that protect workers. This collaborative approach creates a comprehensive strategy for workplace safety, ensuring employers can proactively protect their workers while complying with established regulations. Ultimately, the combined efforts of NIOSH and OSHA play a crucial role in creating safer work environments and promoting the health and safety of workers across various industries.

If you have inquiries regarding compliance with industry regulations, identification and mitigation of workplace hazards, or strategies for implementing effective safety practices, Cashins and Associates, Inc. is ready to assist you. Our dedicated team of professionals specializes in occupational health and safety, as well as industrial hygiene , ensuring that we provide expert guidance specifically tailored to meet the unique needs of your organization.

We understand that every workplace presents its own set of challenges and risks, which is why we take a comprehensive approach to safety consulting. Whether you require assistance with risk assessments, developing safety protocols, or training your staff on best practices, we are committed to helping you navigate these complexities.

Don’t hesitate to reach out to us with your questions or concerns—we are here to support you in fostering a safer, healthier work environment for your employees. Together, we will create a culture of safety that protects your workforce and enhances overall productivity. We look forward to partnering with you on this important journey!

Noise Exposures and Hearing Loss

Wed, 16 Nov 2022 16:33:16 GMT

Human Exposure to Elevated Noise Levels will Result in Hearing Loss

The hair cells in the cochlea remain intact after low and moderate sounds are encountered – and hearing is unaffected. They become damaged, however, when high sound levels are encountered. Damaged hair cells don’t function properly and in this scenario hearing becomes impaired. In other words, the individual experiences hearing loss.

There are two (2) types of hearing loss. Short-term hearing loss is caused by brief and infrequent exposures to loud noises. Exposures at concerts, car races, firing ranges, etc. fall into this category. In these cases, the exposed individual will experience reversible hearing loss following the exposure. They may also experience ringing in the ears and other unusual sensations in the ear. The good news is that the ears start recovering as soon as the brief, infrequent noise exposures stop. This means that normal hearing resumes in a relatively short amount of time.

Long-term hearing loss is caused by frequent exposure to loud noises. Many workers experience loud noises on a regular basis, including those in the construction, bar/restaurant, and military sectors. In addition, many other workplaces have loud equipment and machinery that is continually operating – think air compressors, motors, conveyor systems, etc.

Long-term hearing losses are permanent. They cannot be reversed. They can negatively impact your quality of life. Hearing losses in the workplace can be exacerbated by other types of hearing loss, including age-related and disease-related losses, and exposure to excessive noise during off-hours. In addition, exposure to certain chemicals (lead, carbon disulfide, compounds in the benzene family, etc.) can cause hearing loss.

Are you or your workers at risk of experiencing hearing loss? Do you have to raise your voice in order to be heard by another person who is an arm’s length away? Do you experience ringing in the ears when you leave a high-noise area? These occurrences are indications that harmful sounds level may be present. A sound level meter or a reading from a phone app can give you a better understanding of your risk.

The best way to identify at-risk workers is to monitor noise exposures during an entire work shift. This method requires the worker to wear a noise dosimeter that is placed in close proximity to an ear (usually on the shoulder). It allows us, as Industrial Hygienists , to calculate average noise exposures – and compare them to OSHA’s Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of 90 decibels (measured on the A-scale and expressed as an 8-hour, time-weighted average).

Employers with personnel exposed to noise exceeding the PEL must reduce these exposures using administrative or engineering controls. Rotating workers in and out of a high-noise area, enclosing loud equipment, or installing sound-attenuating materials around the equipment are examples of administrative and engineering controls. Personal protective equipment , abbreviated as PPE (ear plugs, earmuffs, or a combination of earplugs and earmuffs) can be used as a last resort if administrative and engineering controls do not adequately lower exposures.

OSHA also requires employers to act when exposures equal or exceed 85 decibels (also measured on the A scale and expressed as an 8-hour, time-weighted average). Specifically, they need to implement a Hearing Conservation Program that includes additional monitoring, providing hearing protectors, and annual hearing tests and employee training. Workplaces with effective Hearing Conservation Programs are less likely to have employees with hearing losses.

According to NIOSH*, almost one-quarter of US workers experience hearing difficulties due to noise exposure in the workplace. This doesn’t have to be the case - occupational hearing loss is preventable. Is your hearing at risk? Are you and your employer taking the necessary precautions to protect your hearing? Cashins & Associates, Inc. can answer your questions about exposure to noise and other workplace hazards. We have expertise in all facets of Industrial Hygiene. We look forward to hearing from you!

Monkeypox - What is it?

Mon, 15 Aug 2022 20:32:33 GMT

There is a lot of talk about Monkeypox in the news - here is a closer look at this concerning virus

There is some controversy over the name “Monkeypox”. The World Health Organization is holding an open forum to rename the disease after some critics raised concerns the name could be derogatory or have racist connotations.

WHO said the decision was made following a meeting of scientists this week and in line with current best practices for naming diseases, which aims to “avoid causing offense to any cultural, social, national, regional, professional, or ethnic groups, and minimize any negative impact on trade, travel, tourism or animal welfare.” As of this article being published the name remains Monkeypox.

Monkeypox is currently spreading across several countries that do not normally report monkeypox outbreaks, including the United States. Monkeypox symptoms include a rash that may be located on or near the genitals or anus and could be on other areas like the hands, feet, chest, face, or mouth. Other monkeypox symptoms include, fever, chills, swollen lymph nodes, exhaustion, muscle aches and backache, headache, sore throat, nasal congestion, or cough, one may experience all or only a few symptoms. The rash may come before the flu-like symptoms or vice versa. Typically, if someone has flu-like symptoms there is a good chance they will develop a rash one to four days later, some may only experience the rash. Monkeypox symptoms typically start within 3 weeks of exposure to the virus, the illness typically lasts two to four weeks. Monkeypox can spread from the time symptoms start until the rash has healed, all scabs have fallen off, and a fresh layer of skin has formed.

Monkeypox can spread to anyone through close, personal, often skin-to-skin contact. Examples of close contact with include direct contact with monkeypox rash, scabs, body fluids, or contact with respiratory secretions from a person with monkeypox. Another way monkeypox spreads is by someone touching objects, fabrics, and surfaces that have been used by someone with monkeypox, the virus can live on a surface for up to fifteen days. Anyone having intimate contact with someone who has monkeypox is at risk of spreading the virus, if someone is pregnant that has monkeypox it can be spread to their fetus through the placenta. Scientists are still researching for more information about whether monkeypox can be spread when someone has no symptoms, how often it is spread through respiratory secretions, and whether the virus can spread through semen, vaginal fluids, urine, or feces. There are many ways to contract monkeypox, but there are also steps you can take to help lessen your chances of, or even prevent yourself from, getting sick.

Monkeypox is primarily spread through close contact so one of the best ways to prevent contracting the virus is to avoid close, skin-to-skin contact with people who have a rash that looks like monkeypox. Monkeypox can live on a surface for up to fifteen days, so it is best to avoid anything that has been touched by a person with monkeypox for this amount of time. As with most virus prevention a main way to stay healthy is wash your hands, if preventing the contraction of monkeypox fails there are some treatments that could help you.

Newer vaccines have been developed of which one has been approved for prevention of monkeypox, however monkeypox and smallpox viruses are genetically similar, which means the same vaccines and antiviral drugs developed to protect against smallpox may be used to prevent and treat monkeypox. Patients with higher chances of getting severely ill, patients with weakened immune systems for example, may be recommended a antiviral such as tecovirimat (TPOXX). CDC recommends vaccination for people who have been exposed to monkeypox and people who may be more likely to get monkeypox.

Current United States Monkeypox Case Map

OSHA’s Bloodborne Pathogens Standard: Do’s and Don’ts

Wed, 10 Aug 2022 18:19:04 GMT

OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogen Standard - Does it apply to your business?

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These pathogens cause severe or even life threatening illnesses. In the case of AIDS, the disease caused by HIV, the disease is incurable. Note: at the time of this writing, the virus that causes Covid-19 is not considered a bloodborne pathogen.

If you are exposed to another person’s blood – and that blood contains BBPs - you are at risk of acquiring those BBPs and becoming sick with the illness that the BBPs cause. The same principle applies to exposures to another person’s body fluids, since BBPs may also be present in an infected person’s body fluids, tissues, organs, and cells.

OSHA defines these media as “other potentially infectious materials” or OPIM. Cerebrospinal fluid, semen and vaginal fluid, saliva produced during dental procedures, and unfixed (unprocessed) tissues or organs are considered OPIMs along with other body fluids and human cells.

OSHA’s Bloodborne Pathogen Standard applies to “all occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials.” OSHA then goes on to define occupational exposures as “ reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or OPIM that may result from the performance of an employee's duties. ”

In other words, this Standard applies to workers having job duties that include potential exposure to other people’s blood or body fluids. This includes:

Healthcare & dental personnel
Medical laboratory workers
First responders (ambulance, police, and fire personnel as well as 1 ^st Aid teams)
Body piercing and tattoo workers
Funeral home workers (embalmers)

In each case, these workers have job duties that include duties that may expose them to BBPs.

Conversely, the Bloodborne Pathogen Standard does not apply to workers whose job duties do not include “reasonably anticipated” exposures to BBPs. For example, this standard does not usually apply to workers who experience minor cuts, abrasions, nosebleeds, etc. In many of these cases, the affected workers are able to treat and clean up after themselves.

The BBP Standard does not apply to the most janitorial workers, since trash that may contain blood or other body fluids is containerized (or should be containerized) in plastic bags. In addition, the janitorial staff should be required to wear gloves that provide an additional barrier between the blood or body fluids and the worker.

In addition, this Standard does not normally apply to wastewater treatment workers. OSHA evaluated this demographic and concluded that they are not covered for the following reasons:

Urine & feces (wastewater components) are not included in OSHA’s definition of OPIM unless they are visibly contaminated with blood
Raw sewage and wastewater do not normally contain blood – or if they contain blood, it is present in extremely low concentrations
Wastewater treatment workers’ contact with dilute raw sewage is not considered to be in the scope of OSHA’s BBP Standard

There are exceptions to the “covered/not covered” guidance given above. For example, the BBP Standard may cover janitorial personnel who work in hospitals and other healthcare settings. Wastewater treatment workers who have potential to contact raw sewage coming directly from a healthcare facility may also be covered.

Now is a good time to highlight that the employer is responsible for determining if the Bloodborne Pathogen Standard applies to any of its workers. Due diligence is required to make a sound and justifiable determination. It is important to document your reasons for concluding coverage/no coverage. Guidance regarding BBP applicability is available on OSHA’s website (specifically the Standard Interpretations section), by contacting OSHA personnel directly, and from your Health and Safety Consultant .

While the Bloodborne Pathogen Standard includes many familiar requirements like PPE, employee training, and signs and labels, it also includes requirements that are more difficult to implement, such as:

A written Exposure Control Plan
Hepatitis B Vaccination offerings to covered employees
Regulated waste requirements
Post-exposure evaluations and follow-up

Be clear about whether or not your workforce is covered by this Standard. Realize that you are “all in” if you determine that it applies to your company. Get help if you’re unsure.

Cashins & Associates, Inc. has certified and experienced Industrial Hygienists and Safety Professionals who can help you comply with the Bloodborne Pathogen Standard and all other health- and safety -related OSHA Standards. Click on the “call us” or “email us” box icon below to submit your inquiry. We look forward to hearing from you! New Paragraph

PFAS - The Forever Chemical - What is this all about?

Tue, 19 Apr 2022 18:12:13 GMT

The Forever Chemical is Impacting Most Americans from Unlikely Sources

Workers are at risk to PFAS in ways that may differ from the public. It depends on a person’s industry and work activities if they are at higher exposure than others. Chemical manufacturing workers, firefighters, and ski wax technicians are known to be more exposed than any other individual in the U.S. The American Conference for Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has established certain Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for three types of airborne PFAS. These TLVs are based on airborne substances only for an 8-hour workday and 40-hour workweek. TLVs are not actual standards but only guidelines developed from scientific and toxicological information. Lab assessments on these chemicals began as early as 2004, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) had done studied including skin absorption and immune function. NIOSH has come further with more research activities to understand how to prevent exposure. Such methods include worker exposure and health assessments in manufacturing workers, service sector workers, and firefighters. Also, dermal absorption assessments, sampling and analytical methods, and testing firefighter turnout gear for PFAS in textiles.

Along with PFAS exposures in workplaces , our interactions with water, food, soil, air, and consumer products lead to additional exposure. Clothing, food packaging, nonstick pans, cleaning products, shampoo, dental floss, and stain-resistant carpets and furniture are all made with PFAS. Besides these everyday items, the main route of entry is through drinking water. The only way to prevent PFAS from seeping into drinking water is through filtration. An activated carbon treatment filter is the most effective way to shut out PFAS. This filtration device will absorb any synthetic organic material, although this does not get rid of the chemical completely. The only possible way to identify PFAS is to conduct sampling that will be analyzed in a lab to evaluate the data looking at comparisons to other sampling results.

Protecting yourself from PFAS is very important and may be very hard to do considering we cannot see them. But being aware they are around and knowing what might contain the chemical is progress to eliminating exposure. It is important to filter your water, since PFAS become stronger in heat therefore boiling water does not work. If your pots and pans are nonstick, make sure to use them with low heat, or a more effective way to prevent the chemical is to replace them with cast iron or stainless steel. Takeout containers are usually waterproof, this means they are likely to have forever chemicals. Lastly Do not use water-repellent fabrics. Clothing and carpets sold as “waterproof” most likely contain PFAS. Not many states have regulations on PFAS, if they do it is only for a small number of them. This is leaving out the thousand others that are around in the U.S. Each state in the U.S. should have strict limits on the chemicals. Some states have made progress but there is still a lot more we can do to help prevent the contamination of PFAS.

As briefly mentioned above, the most alarming and seemingly unknown thing about PFA’s are their relationship with food products. PFA’s have found a niche in the food manufacturing industry as a chemical that can make packaging, shipping, and storage easier for businesses in the restaurant sector. This applies to not only high-end restaurants, but also fast-food establishments and even products found in grocery stores. PFA’s unique characteristics is what makes the chemical so useful, particularly in food packaging. This is because PFA’s help reduce the likelihood of grease leaking through the packaging and making a mess. Food products that tend to be greasy, salty, or acidic are commonly packaged in bags or wraps that contain PFA’s. Common examples include French fry paper bags, hamburger wrappers, pre-made salad bowls, take out boxes and even single-use paper plates. Additionally, PFA’s can be found in areas where it is seemingly unintended, such as on the ink on these food packages, the machines used to manufacture them, and even paper. The chemical has been linked to packaging from some of your favorite restaurants and fast-food chains like McDonalds, Burger King, Taco Bell, Chipotle, Sweetgreen, Whole Foods and Trader Joes. The good news is that most of these well known and loved eating establishments have acknowledged that PFA’s are present in their products and have vowed to reduce concentrations. You may be able to avoid exposure yourself by removing your Whopper burger from that wrapper as soon as you get it, or transferring that burrito bowl to a glass or ceramic bowl from home. It is nearly impossible to completely purge the chemical from all food packaging products, but it is a step in the right direction to be aware of what companies utilize packaging with PFA’s so exposure can be reduced or avoided all together.

If you have any Occupational Health request or concern click the button below and one of our experts will contact you within 24 hours.

OSHA - Emergency Temporary Standard (ETS) - COVID-19 Vaccines

Wed, 10 Nov 2021 17:37:03 GMT

The ETS establishes binding requirements to protect unvaccinated employees of large employers (100 or more employees from the risk of contracting COVID-19 in the workplace

If an employee is unvaccinated, it is the employer’s responsibility to enforce the mandatory precautions needed to meet the OSHA standard. This means an unvaccinated employee must always wear face coverings inside a building or vehicle. The only times this standard does not apply is when the employee is alone, eating or drinking.

Face coverings must be double layered breathable fabric that light will not pass through while held up to direct light. They must completely cover one’s nose and mouth snug with zero gaps and cannot contain any slits, exhalation valves, visible holes, or punctures. These face coverings must be secured with head ties around the ears or elastic bands that fit around the head. It is important to keep everyone in the workplace safe whether vaccinated or not. There are a few simple steps that could help minimize the number of cases seen at a worksite. If a worker isn’t vaccinated it is good to encourage but not enforce the idea of getting the vaccine, incentives to make this happen are granting paid time off for receiving it and the time it takes to recover.

Anybody infected by the virus, came in close contact with someone whose contracted it or showing symptoms of COVID-19 should stay at home. Social distancing is a good way to help prevent the spread, the minimum distance between people should be six feet and it is smart to limit the amount of unvaccinated workers in one room at a time. Also setting physical barriers between workers could help the disease from getting one place to another. Lastly COVID-19 spreads more rapidly indoors than out, therefore, ventilation systems are important to filter and dilute the virus concentration.

Not only does OSHA require actions taken to reduce the spread of the virus and ensure the health and safety of workers, but it is required that reports and records of any infections or deaths are kept by the employer. Keeping track of where the highest levels of COVID-19 are happening will allow the employer to investigate and decide what could be done to limit the number of infections. Also looking into each death can maybe figure out if there are any correlations between the people and see if anything can be done to prevent more.

Over a year after COVID-19 had devastated America, a new variant of this deadly disease has been discovered. The “delta” variant has caused the CDC to implement a new list of guidelines to follow as of October 15 ^th , 2021. These guidelines are in effect for vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. These guidelines include getting tested if symptoms are shown or 5-7 days after close contact with someone who has been infected by the virus. Also, wearing a mask and isolation until a negative result has come back. Fully vaccinated people are allowed to continue domestic travel without quarantining before or after, and refrain from testing before leaving the United States for international travel.

If you have questions regarding the OSHA COVID-19 Vaccine ETS or any other Occupational Safety and Health issue click the button below to submit your request and one of our experts will get back to you within 24 hours.

OSHA Resources

COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing ETS (osha.gov) Summary

COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing ETS (osha.gov) Fact Sheet

Introduction to Lab Safety

Tue, 19 Oct 2021 16:47:25 GMT

Labs are Everywhere!! Make sure they are safe for your workers, visitors and the general public.

Lab safety protects workers and valuable lab assets. It also helps reduce the risk of lab interruptions or stoppages. Safe lab operations depend on:

Safe Conditions: is the space designed and laid out with safety in mind, are there trip hazards, heavy, unsecured items, etc.?
Safe Behaviors: do the workers follow standard operating procedures and use safety equipment, PPE, etc. to reduce the risk of injuries and illnesses?

The best way to ensure safe conditions and safe behaviors is to comply with all applicable regulations. Lab safety compliance can be very straightforward at times – but complicated and even novel at other times. Let’s start our lab safety overview by turning to OSHA and the Standards that apply to many, if not all, labs:

Recording & Reporting Occupational Injuries & Illnesses
Walking-Working Surfaces
Exit Routes and Emergency Action Plan
Personal Protective Equipment
Machine Guarding
Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories (the “Lab Standard”)

In addition, other OSHA Standards that address hazardous materials (compressed gases, flammable and combustible liquids), toxic and hazardous substances (arsenic, benzene, formaldehyde, lead, etc.) and noise exposures may apply.

Lab safety often involves hazards that are somewhat unique to laboratories, including:

Bloodborne Pathogens
Biological Toxins (bacteria, viruses, etc. that are found in other media)
Research Animals
Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation
Lab Equipment (autoclaves and other sterilizers, centrifuges, etc.)

Finally, other agencies and entities regulate labs – often by requiring them to have certain permits, including permits for:

Laboratory Use of Chemicals
Wastewater Discharges
Air Emissions
Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Compressed Gases
Open Flame or Hot Work

These permits are usually issued by the state (Department of Environmental Protection, Department of Public Safety, etc.) or by the Municipal Fire Department. They often have safety at the forefront, although some state and local regulations are aimed at protecting the community at large.

Safety training is an important component of lab safety. It informs lab workers of the hazards that are in their work environment and tells them how to work in a way that reduces their risk of injuries and illnesses. Finally, it educates them on the regulatory requirements, including their compliance role. Many of the regulations listed above include mandatory training requirements.

How safe is your lab? Have you identified all applicable regulations and permits? Do your Standard Operating Procedures include hazard warnings and precautions? Is your safety training customized to your lab operations and the hazards in your lab?

Cashins and Associates, Inc. can help reduce the risk of workplace injuries and illnesses in your lab. Click on the "Submit EHS Request" box to start your inquiry! One of our experts will respond within 24 hours!!

Is your workplace actually clean? The answer may surprise you...

Tue, 22 Jun 2021 19:10:35 GMT

A quick test can verify general surface cleanliness...find out the potential benefits to your facility.

What is ATP and what does it tell us?

ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate. ATP is a molecule found in all living cells and it is responsible for transferring and storing energy. ATP levels act as an indicator of whether your environment has been properly cleaned. Essentially, ATP can come from anything that was once living and its presence on a surface is a great indicator of whether it has been thoroughly cleaned or sanitized.

How ATP testing works

To measure ATP, the sample (taken from a swab) is mixed with an enzyme from fireflies called luciferase, which catalyzes a reaction where two of the phosphates are broken off from the ATP molecule. The energy from this reaction is captured by the enzyme to create light.

The swab is inserted into a device called a luminometer, which reads the amount of light produced by the sample. The light produced is proportional to the amount of ATP in it: the more bacteria or product residue on the surface, the more ATP; the more ATP, the more light produced.

The light is detected in an instrument and displayed in relative light units, or RLUs. The higher the RLUs, the more likely it is that the surface has not been properly cleaned. Depending on the product or area tested, results can be determined in as little as 15 seconds. In longer cases, results could be available in about 15 minutes.

ATP Testing and COVID-19

A coronavirus identified in 2019, SARS-CoV-2, has caused a pandemic of respiratory illness, called COVID-19. Can ATP Testing verify surfaces are virus free? The technical answer is a definitive NO. A virus is not living organism so ATP testing will not identify viral loading. However, ATP will evaluate general level of cleanliness. If a surface is thoroughly cleaned and EPA “N-List” cleaners are used properly the ATP testing method can be used as another evaluator of cleanliness beyond visual inspection and relying on disinfectant surface dwell time. ATP testing is not the end all be all for knowing if SARS-CoV-2 has been eradicated from a contaminated surface. It will give assurance that the surface in question has been sufficiently cleaned. This in combination of verifying appropriate disinfectant product use and that surface disinfectant dwell time was maintained provides a higher level of confidence that viral material has been inactivated.

Industries for ATP Testing

It is very important to ensure cleanliness in a work environment. This is because in some cases, verifying that a surface or instrument is clean can be a life-or-death situation. This may sound extreme, but it really is not. There are many strong cases to be made for ATP testing in various industries, however, listed below are some that may benefit.

In the food industry, it can be extremely useful in mitigating cross contamination between multiple products. This could be on a large scale, such as a factory or manufacturing plant, or on a smaller scale such as a breakroom in your office or a school kitchen and cafeteria. Cross contamination is all too common, and with people having different allergies and reactions to food products, it is important to give them confidence in their work or learning environment. Clean surfaces and food processing equipment is also critical to prevent food poisoning.

In the medical industry , it can assure medical personnel that the instruments they use during delicate procedures are disinfected prior to performing them. It can also be helpful in determining if a hospital bed or room is safely sanitized after a certain patient leaves or before a new one arrives. It could potentially have a huge impact on the treatment of a patient, or even help limit harmful exposure for medical personnel themselves.

In the remediation industry , it can reassure contractors that they have properly removed and cleaned potentially harmful bacteria. It could be useful specifically in instances where there is flooding from the outdoors or sewage backups involving graywater. In these situations, it is very important to confirm that impacted areas have been removed or adequately remediated and are safe to inhabit after incidents. Building owners also want the assurance that the cleanup has been completed properly. The proper level of cleaning and disinfection is extremely important to prevent future indoor air quality issues for the building.

Although these are all different and unrelated industries, the end-result ATP Testing gives you is the same throughout: A peace of mind that you went above and beyond to ensure the cleanliness of your workplace.

Our trained health and safety professionals can perform a thorough post remediation/cleanup inspection of your workplace. The use of the ATP testing is another tool to provide third party verification that the work was performed to a satisfactory level. This type of third party verification provides assurance to your building occupants and the building owner that the work was done properly.

If you have any questions pertaining to ATP testing or if it could benefit your workplace, please do not hesitate to reach out to us at Cashins & Associates. Our professionals are ready to help!!

OSHA COVID-19 Emergency Temporary Standard

Thu, 17 Jun 2021 18:07:59 GMT

OSHA Issues COVID-19 Emergency Temporary Standard but limits it to health care workers

The White House Office of Management and Budget’s Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (ORIA) finally announced the completed review of the Emergency Temporary Standard (ETS) for COVID-19 on June 9, 2021.

The very next day, June 10, 2021, OSHA released the COVID-19 ETS on its website announcing that the new standard would be restricted to the healthcare industry while also providing updated guidance to all other industries on protecting their unvaccinated employees.

Applicability and Exclusions

The ETS establishes new requirements that aim to protect workers from exposure and applies to most workplace settings that have employees that provide health care service and support services. The goal of the ETS is protecting unvaccinated workers that face the highest exposure possibility from working in health care settings that have confirmed and suspected patients being treated for COVID-19.

The ETS is applicable to professions in health care services and support services field. The new standard’s coverage is for doctors, nurses, emergency responders, nursing homes/assisted living facilities workers, home healthcare workers and employees who work in the ambulatory care setting where suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients are treated.

The types of workers that are specifically excluded from the ETS’s scope of coverage are pharmacists in retail settings, telehealth workers that have no direct patient contact, healthcare support workers not working in a healthcare setting, home health care workers that are fully vaccinated with pre-screened clients, non-hospital ambulatory care settings with vaccinated employees and pre screened patients, fully vaccinated workers in a well-defined hospital ambulatory care setting that screens all people suspected to having COVID-19, and employee’s who are not licensed healthcare provides giving first aid.

Key Requirements for Employers

- Conduct hazard assessments and implement COVID-19 site plan for each workplace.

- Limit employee contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients to essential workers and preform procedures in airborne infection isolation room (AIIR) if possible.

- Keep employees at least 6 feet apart from all other people when indoors.

- Installation of cleanable and or disposable solid barriers at fixed workstations in non-patient area when employees cannot have a 6ft distance from others.

- Clean and disinfect surfaces and equipment in accordance with CDC Guidelines in patient care areas, resident rooms, and for medical devices and equipment. Also, clean high touch surfaces and equipment in all other areas at least one time per day.

- Employer owned or controlled HVAC systems are used properly and that air filters are rated with a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 13 or higher.

- Screen employees before each workday and shift.

- Screen patients, clients, residents, delivery people and all other non-employees entering the setting for symptoms of COVID-19.

- Develop and implement policies and procedures to abide by the Standard and Transmission-Based Precautions in accordance with CDC guidelines.

- Provide and ensure employees wear respirators and other personal protective equipment (PPE) for exposure to people suspected or confirmed of having COVID-19 and aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs).

- Provide and ensure employees wear facemasks when indoors and when in a vehicle with another person for work purposes.

- Notify certain employees if a person who has been in the workplace has tested positive for COVID-19.

- Remove employees who have suspected or confirmed COVID-19, certain COVID-19 symptoms, or have had close contact to a person who is COVID-19 positive in the workplace or elsewhere.

- Provide reasonable time and paid leave for vaccinations and vaccine side effects (tax credit for employers with less than 500 employees).

- Train employees on workplace policies and procedures regarding COVID-19 in understandable terms and language so they completely comprehend them.

- Record all employee cases of COVID-19 on a log without regard to occupational exposure. Report work-related COVID-19 fatalities to OSHA within 8 hours of employer knowledge and work-related COVID-19 in-patient hospitalizations within 24 hours.

If you have any questions regarding COVID-19 and getting your workplace re-opened please contact us today! One of our Industrial Hygiene and Safety Professionals are happy to help!

Asbestos - Common Misconceptions We Encounter

Fri, 09 Apr 2021 18:23:54 GMT

There are a lot of false assumptions out there about asbestos and building materials. Here are six we frequently hear.

Misconception # 1: It is not legal to sell or use building materials that contain asbestos.

Actually, the only substances containing asbestos that cannot be sold or used in the United States are insulation and paper materials. In fact, the United States imports tens of thousands of tons of asbestos containing building materials each year. Asbestos containing materials can still be found in the most prominent home improvement stores. These products include roofing materials, window glazing compound, floor tiles, grouts, and even some types of duct tape. We have even witnessed the installation of asbestos-containing floor tile following the removal of old asbestos containing tile!

Of course, these products do not list “asbestos” as an ingredient. Instead of the “A-word,” they use others, such as “chrysotile” or even “Canadian fiber.”

The bottom line is that asbestos has not been made illegal in the construction industry, and is in fact being installed in new buildings every day.

Misconception # 2: “I don’t need an asbestos inspection – this is a new building.”

Again, new materials do not guarantee the absence of asbestos. Further, the National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP), is a federal regulation that requires building owners to “thoroughly inspect the affected facility or part of the facility where the demolition or renovation operation will occur for the presence of asbestos…” This inspection, the regulation makes clear, must be performed prior to any activity that may disturb any suspect asbestos containing material. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MA DEP) is the state entity responsible for enforcing the NESHAP regulation.

So, even if the building slated for demolition was constructed yesterday, it must undergo a complete asbestos inspection prior to any activity that would disturb the materials.

Misconception # 3: “This building was built before they started using asbestos.”

Whereas it is true that a home built in the mid-1800s most likely did not contain asbestos immediately following initial construction, it is almost certain that renovations and alterations have taken place throughout the years. It is quite rare to find an old home that has not seen the installation of new materials over preexisting finishes. Many times, in fact, home or building owners will simply install new materials over older finishes, a practice resulting in layer upon layer of building materials. If any of these materials were installed between 1930 and 1980, chances are that some of them contain asbestos.

Misconception # 4: “Materials containing asbestos can be removed by construction personnel as long as they don’t disturb it or make it friable.”

The term “friable” is often misunderstood. Usually when someone thinks of a friable asbestos-containing material, they think of pipe or boiler insulation. According to Massachusetts regulations, however, any non-friable material is considered friable once disturbed by renovation or demolition work. Materials such as caulking, window glazing compound, and even damp proof foundation mastic must be removed by a certified asbestos abatement contractor prior to work activities.

Misconception # 5: “It’s fine to remove gypsum wallboard and plaster during a mold remediation job without an asbestos inspection.”

Quite often, we at Cashins run across mold remediation jobs for which no asbestos inspection has been accomplished. As far as federal and state government agencies are concerned, these activities are illegal. Simply because the project involves mold remediation does not mean that other environmental concerns, such as asbestos and lead-based paint, can be ignored. The good thing is that many mold remediation companies also perform asbestos abatement, and thus are able to remove asbestos-containing materials properly.

Misconception # 6: “If I think certain materials may contain asbestos, I can just take a few pieces and have them analyzed.”

Actually, according to Massachusetts state law, only MA DOS certified asbestos inspectors may take bulk samples for analysis. In fact, the very act of sampling by non-certified individuals has in some cases led to prosecution and heavy fines. Further, there is a certain protocol established by the federal government for sampling of asbestos. This protocol requires a certain number of samples be taken depending on the type and quantity of material. The government also requires that samples be taken in a statistically random fashion.

If you have any questions regarding asbestos, lead-based paint, or other hazardous building materials, please call us – we would be happy to answer them. We also have personnel certified by the Massachusetts Department of Occupational Safety to perform asbestos inspections . Let Cashins & Associates help you complete your project in a fashion that ensures worker and public safety, reduces liability, and fulfills regulatory requirements.

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Diesel Exhaust - How Do you Evaluate Exposure?

Thu, 25 Mar 2021 21:54:55 GMT

Diesel Exhaust is a Complicated Mixture of Many Toxins and Measuring Exposure is Difficult

The particulate matter consists of microscopic particles and liquid droplets which are small enough to be inhaled and retained in the lungs. The particles have attached chemicals which include unburned fuel, oil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and thousands of other compounds.

So, given the fact that diesel fume is such a complex mixture of contaminants, how does one go about sampling for it? The answer is not simple, and doesn’t involve testing for a single analyte, but rather involves testing for a variety of compounds. The following presents a breakdown of the types of airborne materials that are assessed during the course of a diesel fume evaluation, along with a corresponding sampling method:

Elemental carbon

A chief constituent of diesel fume is elemental carbon. Diesel particles consist of an elemental carbon core that have various compounds adsorbed onto the surface, along with various metals, nitrates, and sulfate. These particles are incredibly small – the majority of diesel particles range in size from 0.005-0.05 µm in diameter. The danger of these particle pose lies in the fact that they can penetrate deep into the lungs, where adsorbed compounds can be transferred to the blood.

The EPA has established an Inhalation Reference Concentration (RfC) for diesel particulate matter (DPM). An RfC is an estimate of how much exposure can take place without an appreciable negative health effects. The EPA estimates that the RfC for diesel particulate is 5 µg/m3 as a 24-hour average.

Concentrations of elemental carbon can be measured through the analysis of air samples collected onto heat-conditioned 37 mm quartz fiber filters in standard 3-piece cassettes. The laboratory analytical results are then compared to the 5 µg/m3 value.

Carbon Monoxide

As with any process that involves incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide is generated during diesel engine operation. The EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standard for carbon monoxide (CO) is 9 ppm. ASHRAE quotes this standard in their 62.1 Indoor Air Quality Standard. Carbon monoxide concentrations above 5 ppm would be considered a trigger condition, which means to investigate, eliminate, and control the source (D. Jeff Burton IAQ and HVAC Handbook 2002). In most indoor environments the CO level is non detectable.

During a diesel assessment, carbon monoxide can be measured using an indoor air quality monitor such as a TSI QTrak, a 4 gas meter, or similar device.

Ultrafine Particles

Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are particles that are smaller than 0.1 µm in diameter. During a diesel assessment, UFPs are measured using a real-time monitor. This helps to see trends in UFP levels throughout the day as activities and conditions change. Further, in situations where diesel exhaust is present, it can usually be safe to assume that concentrations of UFPs are directly linked to concentrations of diesel particulate in the air at a given time. We can also trace where diesel particulate may be infiltrating into a building using a particle counter.

Aldehydes

Aldehydes are of particular importance since they make up a good portion of the gaseous fraction of diesel exhaust. The aldehyde found in highest concentrations is formaldehyde, followed by acetaldehyde. These compounds, along with other aldehydes, are probable carcinogens and cause non-cancerous health effects. Aldehyde concentrations can be measured through the analysis of Assay Technology Diffusion Badges and treated sampling tubes.

Nitrous Gases

Due to the lean-burning nature of diesel engines, along with the extremely high pressures and temperatures involved in the combustion process, diesel engines emit a significant product of gaseous nitrogen oxides (NOx). Thus, real-time readings for concentrations for nitrous gases are measured at various times during a diesel exposure assessment.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

During the production of diesel particulate, volatile organic compounds adsorb onto the extremely small carbon nucleus. Studies have discovered the presence of n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Total VOCs can be measured by using a photoionization detector. Or, if information related to specific VOCs is desired, a bulk air sample collected using an evacuated canister can be analyzed by gas chromatography.

Professional Assistance

In short, assessing diesel fume exposure is a complicated process and involves the analysis of diverse sets of data. Further, not only is it important to assess the contaminants, but also to evaluate the HVAC and engineering controls in place in order to understand why the exposure is occurring in the first place, and to determine options to mitigate it.

Just as important as collecting good information is the ability to analyze and assess this information. A fully qualified Certified Industrial Hygienist or indoor air quality consultant should review the data, assess exposure risks, and make recommendations regarding potential health impacts and possible engineering solutions. Cashins & Associates has conducted many industrial hygiene assessments such as this and can provide both the expertise related to the collection of the samples as well as the knowledge to interpret and advise. We are Health and Safety for your People... and Your Property!

XRF Lead Paint Testing: A Common but Costly Misconception

Mon, 08 Mar 2021 20:05:21 GMT

XRF Lead Paint Testing - Is it good enough for OSHA Compliance?

I often read that paint is considered “lead containing” if the XRF shows a concentration of 1.0 mg/cm ² or above. In addition, many times if values are found to be lower than 1.0, the report writer states that no additional actions are necessary with regard to lead paint.

This statement reveals a fundamental misunderstanding of lead paint sampling, exposure, and regulatory compliance.

The 1.0 mg/cm ² value come from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, and is meant to distinguish what they consider to be “lead based paint” from “non lead-based paint.” This value only has meaning in the context of residential housing with young children. It has nothing to do with EPA or OSHA compliance. It is more a definition of what is considered a lead based paint.

In fact, OSHA has issued a letter of interpretation in which they straightforwardly state that XRF analysis results cannot be used to obtain compliance with the Lead Standard. This is due to the fact that personal exposure exceedances have been documented when lead concentrations are below the 0.1 mg/cm ² value. In other words, the detection limit of the XRF unit is not low enough to ensure acceptable levels of occupational exposure. Damaging paint, even with low levels of lead, can cause significant airborne lead release. This is particularly true for work activities that involve demolition, scraping, grinding, sanding, torch cutting or welding on painted surfaces.

Lead paint sampling can be helpful in determining whether or not an initial exposure assessment is necessary. It can also be helpful in dictating the conditions under which the initial exposure assessment will be performed and how a contractor may go about dealing with the potential hazard. For instance, if extremely high concentrations of lead are detected, OSHA would require workers to wear a full-face or supply-air respirator during the initial industrial hygiene exposure assessment. It also may be of assistance in determine whether certain surfaces should be abated by a remediation company prior to starting work.

Typically, prior to renovation work, contractors receive a lead and asbestos inspection report from the property owner. These reports usually only have XRF survey data. It is important to underscore that below detection results from the XRF method of lead paint sampling will not be able to avoid the need for an initial industrial hygien e exposure assessment.

So, if you are reading a hazardous building materials report, and it is evident that an XRF analyzer was used, just know that this data is not sufficient to comply with OSHA regulations. Also, if you see a reference to 1.0 mg/cm ² (or 0.5% lead) you may be dealing with a consultant that does not have a full grasp of the regulations. This betrays a less than full understanding of OSHA’s stance.

Cashins & Associates can help guide you through this process – from initial sampling in the field to on-site initial personal air monitoring. The combined knowledge of our Building Sciences Team along with our Certified Industrial Hygienists ensures that the data evaluation and regulatory guidance we provide is complete and accurate.

If you have a specific question please submit them in the comments below.

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If you have a commercial industry lead compliance issue, please click below to submit your inquiry. Our experts will respond in less than 48 hours!

Understanding Ultra-Fine Particles

Mon, 01 Feb 2021 19:51:18 GMT

Elevated Ultra-Fine Particles Counts Cause Significant Indoor Air Quality Issues for Occupants

Common activities that can create elevated ultrafine particle counts in a building include using a fireplace/wood stove, lighting a candle, burning toast, using a gas stove/oven, and even peeling an orange! Ultra-fines can be found in virtually every indoor and outdoor setting.

The concentration of ultra-fines varies and depends on the source (How many ultra-fines does the source generate? Are there multiple sources of ultra-fines?). It also depends on the location (Is it outdoors, where ultra-fines can quickly disperse and dilute? Is it in an indoor space that is well-ventilated? Poorly ventilated?).

The extremely small size of ultra-fines allows them to stay suspended in air for longer periods of time than larger particles which are more influenced by gravitational forces and have quicker settling speeds. Unlike larger particles, which can be inhaled and trapped in the nose, mouth, and throat, ultra-fines can deposit in the lungs after they are inhaled.

It is not known for certain whether or not ultrafine particles themselves are the cause of adverse health effects. We know that increased concentrations of ultra-fines correspond to increased complaints of poor indoor air quality and discomfort.

Some studies have shown that long term exposure to ultrafine particulates results in significant risk for heart disease. Certain constituents of ultrafine particles were strongly associated with death from heart attacks. These constituents included copper, iron, other metals, and elemental carbon (soot).

There are no specific limits or standards for indoor ultrafine concentrations. A study of ultra-fine particles in indoor air found that the following ranges of particles were associated with varying levels of IAQ complaints by occupants.

<5,000 particles per cubic centimeter – desirable; limited amount of IAQ complaints
<10,000 particles per cubic centimeter – acceptable; normal amount of IAQ complaints
>10,000 particles per cubic centimeter – likelihood and frequency of IAQ complaints increases.

These values are not based on specific health impacts or toxicity data. Rather, rates of complaints were tracked and compared to measured Ultrafine particle counts in an indoor environment . These values are purely for comparative purposes and one cannot conclude that IAQ is good or poor based solely on ultrafine particle measurements. For example, buildings and homes that have open windows will generally have ultrafine particle counts over 10,000 pt/cc. This does not mean the IAQ of that building is poor. All it means is the building has unfiltered outside air entering the space.

Monitoring equipment can be used to determine ultrafine concentrations. Very often, the total concentration measured by the equipment represents more than one type of ultrafine. An industrial hygiene or health and safety expert should be used to interpret the results and evaluate the space in question to determine the most likely – and most significant – sources of ultrafines.

Reopening Workplaces during a Pandemic: Ventilation Strategies for Improved Indoor Air Quality

Fri, 15 Jan 2021 15:16:35 GMT

Air Exchange Through Ventilation is Key for Maintaining a Safe Environment in Regards to COVID-19

Unfortunately, many who spend most of their days within office or school buildings have little to no idea how much fresh makeup air is being introduced to the space. Even if they did know, most would not be able to determine whether it was sufficient for reduction of viral spread.

Recently, the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers released recommendations for ways that building managers and owners can increase the chances of a successful return to on-site occupancy. These recommendations fall into four main categories:

Increased ventilation
Increased filtration
Energy recovery ventilation systems operation considerations
Building exhaust air re-entrainment

For the sake of this article, we will focus on the first two elements: ventilation and filtration.

Increased Ventilation

The first step in increasing ventilation is to understand the system itself and how it is functioning. This can be accomplished by hiring third party consultants that can examine the system, measure ventilation rates, and determine whether the system is balanced.

Once the current state of the ventilation system is known, it should be determined how it may be altered to increase outdoor air to rates recommended by ASHRAE. According to ASHRAE, the system should bring in as much outside air as the system will allow during occupied hours. During non-pandemic times, the organization already calls for 17 cubic feet per minute of makeup air per person. Ideally, outdoor air delivery would exceed this rate for occupancy during a pandemic.

Prior to and following occupied hours, ASHRAE recommends flushing the interior space for as long as is needed in order to achieve 3 total air changes. For most systems, this can be accomplished in approximately two hours for each flushing event.

Of course, one must take into consideration that increasing ventilation will put the building at more of a positive pressure. An Indoor Air Quality Consultant can help assess pressurization differentials amongst spaces and make recommendations for preventing undesired consequences.

Increased Filtration

Most ventilation systems mix outdoor air with return indoor air. This being the case, it makes sense that filtration is of utmost importance. It certainly is not desirable for viral respiratory particles to be re-entrained and reintroduced to the building interior.

HVAC filter efficiency is reported using the Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value, also known as the “MERV” value. The higher the MERV value, the more efficient the filter is at filtering out small particles. The following chart shows the different MERV ratings and what size particles they are able to filter.

ASHRAE recommends that filters the at least a rating of MERV 13 be used to filter respiratory particles. Of course, MERV 13 filters should not just be inserted into the existing system; rather, the current system must be evaluated in order to determine whether or not it can accommodate a filter with this level of efficiency.

Third Party Assistance

Of course, increasing ventilation and upgrading filtration is not as easy as simply swapping out a filter and ramping the system to its maximum capacity. A variety of considerations must be taken into account during this process, including building pressurization, the location of HVAC registers and returns, heating and cooling demands depending on climate, system efficiency, cost, and the like. A company like Cashins & Associates can help assess the system, measure ventilation, and make practical recommendations for preparing the system for increased occupancy during and following this pandemic.

Click the button below to check out our COVID-19 Back to Work Assistance Service Offerings. We can evaluate any workplace and determine "COVID-19 Readiness". If there are deficiencies we provide a roadmap to success to meet all current guidance recommendations and State Requirements. This assures that you and your company have taken all measures needed to open and provides comfort to your employees that are returning to the workplace.

Re-Opening your Office Space and COVID-19

Fri, 18 Dec 2020 22:00:58 GMT

Prepare and give your staff the comfort that you have taken all necessary steps to provide a safe office environment

We have all heard in the news about the recent approval and release of COVID-19 vaccinations . This is great news and will help get the country beyond the coronavirus pandemic. The economic impact and the impact to the health and/or well being of family members has been brutal. It will be a great relief to get our country back to normal! Until this happens employers must take steps to ensure that staff are safe and feel comfortable about getting back to the office.

A site specific evaluation is needed to develop a plan for returning staff back to the office. The evaluation will provide a "roadmap" for you and your team to follow to get ready.

Here are a few key things to consider when re-opening your office:

What is the occupancy loading in the space going to be?
How is the ventilation system set to operate- does the system deliver outside air?
What filters are in the system? Are the ratings sufficient to remove particles that carry the coronavirus?
If the filters are not sufficient can they be upgraded without damaging the mechanical components?
How many air changes per hour are being provided in the occupied spaces ? If there are not enough air changes per hour; what are the options?
What is the cleaning schedule? Is it sufficient for the anticipated use?
What is the policy for meeting in private offices?
Fitness rooms; should they be open now?
Coffee and break rooms, what is needed to reduce the spread of coronavirus?
Is there a plan of action if an employee tests positive for COVID-19?

There are many more but this list is presented to get you thinking about items that could apply to your space.

We have been helping small to medium sized businesses perform this site specific evaluation. Why do companies hire us? In many cases small to medium sized companies do not have an Industrial Hygienist or Safety and Health Manager on staff. Our experts will step in and perform this function on your behalf. We can also dedicate our time to getting the process done. Once we start working with you we will get the work done. No delays. Companies also like to have an independent third party evaluation done to send a clear message to the staff that they are bringing in experts to ensure the office is as safe as possible for their return.

Here are some resources that can help you get your office opened up safely.

1. COVID-19 Employer Information for Office Buildings | CDC

2. Understanding the impact of social distancing on occupancy (fema.gov)

3. COVID-19 Guidance: Businesses and Employers | CDC

4. Safety and Health Topics | COVID-19 | Occupational Safety and Health Administration (osha.gov)

5. COVID-19 Resources | AIHA

Preventing Mold Growth after Water Damage

Tue, 03 Nov 2020 21:27:12 GMT

If a leak occurs, the first thing to do is perform a visual moisture inspection . This should always be done soon after the water incident so that the inspector can properly identify any and all moisture. Accurate moisture “mapping” is very important to track wet building material removal and the drying process of salvageable building substrates. This is key to prevent the development of mold and bacteria in your building. Also if you wait to have the inspection performed surfaces will dry and even an experienced inspector can miss affected areas. This is a problem as water will be trapped behind walls and there would be no way to identify where that could be.

During moisture inspections, infrared cameras and moisture meters are used. These are invaluable tools to aid the inspector on where the water has been and to tell how much moisture is in the substrates. As with any measuring tool, there are many variables/limitations that can affect the accuracy of these devices. Experienced users know the instruments tendencies in the multitude of environments that can be encountered.

One needs to remember that a visual inspection may not identify all affected areas. In most cases, moisture conditions within a building change over time as water continues to travel to unexpected areas or causes additional unforeseen damage by pooling in certain locations. Follow-up inspections are important to verify that all areas identified have been properly remediated. There are many occasions where additional water damage is discovered during the follow-up inspection.

It is important to spot any wetted materials and perform moisture testing not only the affected area, but the surrounding areas as well. Mold only needs a few resources to grow, and water is one of them. Any missed water could lead to hidden mold growth and result in air quality issues for the future occupants. It is always better to deal with the water during the incident then to have to revisit more significant issues in the future.

Now that all the water has been identified and all the saturated materials have been cut out, the next important step is drying. This can seem like a no-brainer, but a lot of contractors do not take this step seriously and have to deal with mold issues later. One must know that porous building materials such as drywall can quickly absorb water and become a breeding ground for mold growth. There are millions of mold spores traveling throughout the air, especially in open to the outside construction sites with no mechanical ventilation. Once drywall gets wet, mold spores can begin the growing process within 12 hours. Typically, mold spores take anywhere from 24 to 72 hours to colonize, after which you will begin to see visual signs of the growth.

It is important to thoroughly dry all affected surfaces. Completely remove all water inside the wall cavities, along the wall tracks, on the floor, around the windowsills, etc. It is not advisable to leave standing water inside rooms because it can easily be wicked up walls or absorbed into insulation. Wall insulation is highly absorbent and can wet drywall behind it. It is strongly recommended that wet wall insulation be removed from any affected wall sections or ceiling sections. Once wet, insulation is very difficult to dry. Removal eliminates water loading in the building and ensures structural components can properly dry.

Humid air impacts the ability of surfaces to dry. If the air is full of water vapor it cannot facilitate the evaporative process. This impedes the efficient drying of building materials. If surfaces sit wet for several days, then mold and bacteria issues will develop. Dehumidifiers and fans are necessary to properly resolve a water release event in a building. Please note that dehumidifiers are only effective in closed and isolated spaces. Open windows and very large open spaces will eliminate the ability for a dehumidifier to work. Temporary enclosures can be built to create the proper microclimate.

An important lesson to learn is to treat all water leaks seriously and act quickly. A simple water leak could lead to a substantial and costly mold issue.

If you have any questions regarding mold and moisture, please let us know in the comments below. We will do our best to answer them as quickly as possible. If you are a commercial business, school, or hospital and are dealing with a mold issue we would be happy to assist. Please call us at (781)-245-1400 or fill out the inquiry form.

The Flu and COVID-19

Tue, 27 Oct 2020 18:04:50 GMT

In addition, it is possible to be infected with Covid-19 and influenza at the same time. Coinfections are never ideal. In this case both diseases target the lungs, and more dangerous or deadly outcomes are likely. Coinfections among high-risk individuals are especially concerning. A quick note the high-risk group: the Kaiser Family Foundation estimates that almost 40% of US adults age 18 and over are considered high-risk. That’s a significant segment of the population!

Finally, the Covid-19 pandemic is straining many local hospitals , causing commodity shortages, hurting our economy, and restricting our lifestyles. A flu epidemic during an ongoing Covid-19 pandemic will prolong and/or exacerbate each of these issues.

You can decrease your risk of catching influenza. Start by continuing to take the precautions that decrease your risk of contracting Covid-19: wear face masks that cover the nose and mouth, practice social distancing and limit indoor gatherings, and frequently wash your hands. These “universal” measures work equally well against the flu, the common cold, and other community-acquired illnesses.

You can also get a flu vaccine. Flu vaccinations benefit both you and your community. They reduce your risk of catching influenza and also help limit community outbreaks. They are not without controversy, however. Let’s examine one of the main arguments against flu vaccinations.

Some people claim that the flu shot made them get sick. In short, the flu vaccine does not give you the flu or any other illness. Some people may mistake the mild side effects of the vaccine (headache, muscle aches, fever) with an actual illness. If you get sick following a flu shot, then one of the following things happened:

You were infected with the flu shortly before you were vaccinated OR you caught the flu within 2 weeks of your vaccination (it takes up to 2 weeks to get maximum protection)
You caught a strain of the flu that was not included in this year’s formulation. The formulation in any given year protects against 3 or 4 strains that are thought to be commonly occurring. Unfortunately, other strains can be circulating or make surprise appearances.

Do your part to reduce your risk of flu and its spread through your community. Influenza vaccines are currently available and generally easy to get. Your doctor’s office, your local board of health, or your local pharmacy are probably all conducting flu clinics. And remember to stay the course with Covid-19 precautions. Together we can beat both of these diseases!

If you have any specific questions, please press the button below and fill out the form. One of our experts will contact you within 48 hours.

OSHA Respiratory Compliance Issues and COVID-19

Tue, 08 Sep 2020 14:39:02 GMT

Below is a summary of the different types of face coverings and OSHA implications.

Face Coverings (homemade, non-regulated or surgical mask)

The requirements for these coverings are liberal and the designs can run the spectrum from a bandana to a surgical mask to multi-layer homemade or purchased cloth mask. (bandanas, neck gaiters and masks with exhalation valves are not appropriate due to inability to capture exhaled particles efficiently)

Since these masks are mandated in many areas, employers are often requiring the use of the mask while at work or when indoors. These face coverings do not protect the worker from inhaling hazardous aerosols.

The OSHA respiratory protection standard, 29 CFR 1910.134, does not apply to face coverings which by their nature are not tight fitting. Therefore, an employer does not have to have a respiratory protection program, medical monitoring, fit testing, etc. for any face covering as described above

Non-NIOSH Certified Filtering Facepiece Respirator such as KN95 (China), P2, P3 (Australia/ New Zealand) or FFP2, FFP3 (Europe)

These masks are certified by a foreign country but not by NIOSH. They may or may not provide better protection than the face coverings. The level of inhalation protection is unclear due to lack of knowledge about the source and manufacturing methods.

Passing a fit test is often a problem. These masks, unlike the face coverings, are designed to be tight fitting. They provide the same or better exhaled particle protection as well as possibly better inhalation protection.

OSHA's respirator standard requires that employers account for the health hazards that a respirator (tight fitting) might pose for workers with certain health conditions. An employee wearing any tight-fitting certified respirator (including an N95), even as a face covering, would be in this population. Paragraph (c)(2) of 1910.134 says that for a worker wearing an N95 or equivalent, the employer can meet this requirement by providing the employee with the information contained in appendix D of 1910.134. This assumes that the mask is being used as a face covering to prevent the release of potential infectious particles not for inhalation protection.

NIOSH Approved N95 respirators

NIOSH approved respirators such as an N 95 will protect against the inhalation of aerosols if properly fit tested and worn. These respirators are in short supply and generally not used for Covid-19 protection except by health care professionals or unless over exposures are occurring which are unrelated to Covid-19.

If used as a face covering to protect against Covid-19 then the employer must provide the wearer with Appendix D of the respiratory protection standard or explain the limitations of the respirator.

However, if the N95 respirator is required to protect the worker from inhaling toxic dusts or aerosols or to protect workers who are exposed to high concentrations of an infectious agent (e.g. a health care worker in a Covid-19 ward), then the respirator falls under OSHA's respiratory protection standard 29 CFR 1910.134 and full compliance is required.

Has OSHA suspended parts of the respiratory protection standard during the Covid-19 pandemic?

In a word, No. However, during the Covid-19 pandemic, OSHA has issued an enforcement memorandum for the respirator standard that directs OSHA field offices to exercise enforcement discretion concerning the annual fit testing requirement, 29 CFR § 1910.134(f)(2). This discretion is contingent upon employers doing the following:

Making a good-faith effort to comply with 29 CFR § 1910.134.
Using only NIOSH-certified respirators if available (foreign certified respirators acceptable if fit test passed)
Implementing CDC and OSHA strategies for optimizing the supply of N95 filtering facepiece respirators and prioritizing their use, as discussed above.
Performing initial fit tests for each HCP with the same model, style, and size respirator that the worker will be required to wear for protection against COVID-19 (initial fit testing is essential to determine if the respirator properly fits the worker and is capable of providing the expected level of protection);
Informing workers that the employer is temporarily suspending the annual fit testing of N95 filtering facepiece respirators to preserve and prioritize the supply of respirators for use in situations where they are required to be worn.
Explaining to workers the importance of performing a user seal check (i.e., a fit check) at each donning to make sure they are getting an adequate seal from their respirator, in accordance with the procedures outlined in 29 CFR § 1910.134, Appendix B-1, User Seal Check Procedures .
Conducting a fit test if they observe visual changes in the employee’s physical condition that could affect respirator fit (e.g., facial scarring, dental changes, cosmetic surgery, or obvious changes in body weight) and explain to workers that, if their face shape has changed since their last fit test, they may no longer be getting a good facial seal with the respirator and, thus, are not being adequately protected; and,
Reminding workers that they should inform their supervisor or their respirator program administrator if the integrity and/or fit of their N95 filtering facepiece respirator is compromised.

Please understand that this enforcement discretion will be applied only when circumstances beyond the employer’s control prevent compliance with certain parts of the Respiratory Protection Standard and the employer makes objectively reasonable efforts to comply with the respirator standard. Employers are also expected to explore options and modify practices to assure the best available protection for workers. OSHA will revoke all of the temporary enforcement discretions and revert to the normal enforcement of the Respiratory Protection standard once the Agency determines that the additional enforcement discretion is no longer necessary. On August 28, OSHA put out a document entitled:

Understanding Compliance with OSHA’s Respiratory Protection Standard During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic" that explains this in more detail.

If you need additional information on how to comply with the respiratory protection standard, please contact us today and one of our experts will be happy to discuss the situation with you.

Changing Behaviors in Safety & Covid-19 Settings

Fri, 21 Aug 2020 14:44:45 GMT

The data is clear when it comes to reducing workplace injuries and illnesses and mitigating the effects of Covid-19: companies with strong safety programs have a reduced risk of workplace injuries and illnesses and states that follow science-based guidelines have better Covid-19 outcomes. So how do we get more people to adopt desirable safety and Covid-19 behaviors? Or any unwanted behavior for that matter?

Our first inclination is to educate and train the affected individuals. While these are important components of any behavior-changing campaign, they alone are unlikely to produce the desired outcome. That is because there are several factors working against our desire or willingness to change. These include feelings of uncertainty and/or distrust regarding the change, the change is perceived as inconvenient, and last but not least, “old habits die hard”.

A recent publication by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (https://www.nap.edu/read/25881/chapter/1) highlights that presenting people with objective information in the hopes of changing their behavior is not enough. Additional strategies that tackle some of the reasons that we resist change are necessary.

The National Academies article focuses on Covid-19 behaviors, but it applies to safety behaviors as well. In brief, the National Academies strategies help to achieve the following objectives:

The new behavior is rewarding
People feel confident that the new behavior will control the situation at hand
People have information about the appropriate way to practice the new behaviors

Education and training can certainly address the last bullet. It takes thought and effort to address the first 2, however. Check the National Academies publication for practical suggestions on implementing their strategies. For example, people are more likely to wear face coverings that look fashionable and/or are customized with their favorite team’s logo, etc. This same approach applies to PPE use in the workplace.

As you work to implement changes in behavior, remember that it is important to know your audience: an approach that works well with one group may not work with others. In addition, we cannot stress the importance of leadership in behavior change initiatives.

Managers at the highest level should introduce the change, set expectations regarding the change, reinforce positive behaviors and identify consequences for negative behaviors, and model the change. All members of the management and supervision team need to align with top management and the change initiative. Mixed messaging will undermine the best of intentions.

Are you trying to implement safety behavior changes in your organization? Do you need help re-opening your business or working in the current Covid-19 climate? Cashins & Associates, Inc. can help you with these items and many more services, including hazard assessments, program development, building and indoor air concerns, and employee training. Contact us by clicking on the inquiry icon. We look forward to hearing from you!

HAZWOPER: Unraveling a Complicated Rule

Mon, 10 Aug 2020 14:04:29 GMT

The OSHA and EPA Standards differ in the types of workers that are covered, however: OSHA's Standard covers workers in the private business sector whereas the EPA Standard covers state and local government employees. This difference ensures that all workers who need HAZWOPER protections will get them. Kudos to OSHA and EPA for this one difference in their Standards.

Now is a good time to point out that OSHA has 2 HAZWOPER Standards - 1 for general industry (1910.120) and 1 for construction (1926.65). These are - you guessed it - identical. Accordingly, my use of the term "HAZWOPER Standard" in the rest of this article refers to the 2 OSHA Standards and the EPA Standard.

The HAZWOPER Standard covers 3 distinct types of workers and their corresponding operations:

Hazardous waste site cleanup operations
Hazardous waste operations at Transfer, Storage, and Disposal Facilities (TSDFs)
Emergency response operations involving hazardous substance releases

The regulatory requirements for each group are listed in different parts of the Standard: cleanup operations at hazardous waste sites must comply with paragraphs (b) through (o), TSDFs must comply with paragraph (p), and emergency response operations involving hazardous substance releases must follow paragraph (q).

For those of you who are "only" required to comply with paragraphs (p) or (q): don't be fooled, as these paragraphs are lengthy and have several different elements. In fact, some sections in paragraphs (p) and (q) refer you to paragraphs (b) through (o), the ones that apply to cleanup operations at hazardous waste sites!

All HAZWOPER workers/operations share some basic, common requirements including:

Develop written programs and/or plans
Provide medical surveillance when certain criteria are met
Develop and implement decontamination procedures
Train HAZWOPER workers

Other HAZWOPER requirements (hazard identification, material handling, etc.) have varying degrees of differences among the 3 different groups of workers/operations. This makes sense, given the varied nature of the operations and their corresponding potential for harmful exposures.

Regarding training requirements: most HAZWOPER workers need at least 24 hours of training upon initial assignment and 8 hours of refresher training each subsequent year. HAZWOPER workers with minimal responsibilities have fewer required training hours but general site workers performing hazardous waste site cleanup operations require 40 hours of initial training and 3 days of supervised field experience.

This article gives an overview of the HAZWOPER Standard. Compliance with this rule requires a much deeper dive into all of its aspects, including descriptions of each covered operation, exceptions, definitions, and each specific requirement.

Cashins & Associates, Inc. is happy to help you understand the HAZWOPER Standard in its entirety so you can be confident in your compliance activities. We can also assist with your other Industrial Hygiene and Safety Program needs.
Please click on the icon below to submit your inquiry to us!

Small Exhaled Airborne SARS-CoV-2 Particles and Infection

Thu, 06 Aug 2020 16:27:20 GMT

When an infected person exhales or speaks, they release microscopic droplets into the air that may carry copies of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Previous research estimates that speaking releases 2600 droplets per second. The RNA can be compared to pollen released by a flower when the wind blows. The speaking person releases “pollen,” or infectious RNA, and anyone nearby is a receptor of those RNA containing particles. Just as each person may react differently to pollen, their reactions to SARS-CoV-2 RNA may vary depending on how many RNA copies are inhaled.

The viral load, or the number of copies found within a certain amount of sputum, varies significantly. It can vary by a factor of 1,000,000, meaning a single exhaled breath could contain the amount of “pollen” released by just one flower up to 1,000,000 flowers. The calculations presented are based on the viral loads of 7 copies per nanoliter (nl) and 1000 copies per nanoliter.

To determine the possible concentrations of RNA copies in various room sizes, it was assumed that an infected individual was speaking without a mask inside an unventilated space for 30 minutes. The average breathing rate is 10 liters per minute. Using a viral load along with an estimation of the average particle size released when talking and an estimation of the number of particles released per second, a generation rate can be calculated. The generation rate of one person using our estimated parameters in turn allows the calculation of the number of airborne particles in an unventilated space and how much virus can be inhaled. The exposure potential for the conditions described are summarized in the table below.

It is evident that the viral load, among many other properties including room size, number of infected people, mask use and ventilation, has a large impact on the number of copies that are present. The infectious dose, or number of copies needed to cause an infection, of SARS-CoV-2 is still unknown.

It has been postulated by Dr Erin Bromage (The Risks-Know Them-Avoid Them) that an infectious dose is in the vicinity of 1000 SARS CoV-2 viral particles. This number was based upon MERS and SARS infectious dose studies. The actual SARS-CoV-2 infectious dose is unknown and could be substantially higher or lower and could occur from routes of exposure other than inhalation. The information is provided to put the above calculations in perspective. It must be stressed that the actual numbers presented in the table can vary tremendously. As can Dr Bromage’s estimate.

If the infected person wears an N95 mask, the number of particles released can be reduced by up to 99%. For cloth masks, the reduction is likely in the range of 30%-60%. The smaller the particle the lower the collection efficiency. The uninfected person can reduce the risk of inhaling a particle by wearing a mask as well.

Another important factor is ventilation . By filtering the air inside of the room, airborne particle concentration can be reduced. Bringing fresh air in will also dilute the airborne RNA. If there is no ventilation, a High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter placed inside the room can recirculate air throughout the room while removing more than 99.9% of particles.

Without a doubt, the best way to avoid infection is to stay at home, but this is not always possible. Even simple adjustments like masks, ventilation, and filters can help to make contact with others much safer for everyone involved.

If your company is looking for guidance on how to make the work environment safer we can help! Please see our COVID-19 support services we offer by clicking the button below. You can also ask a question through a simple web form.

Note: Research and content of this blog developed by Shea Hanson

ASBESTOS IN DUST SAMPLING: A USEFUL TEST THAT’S IMPOSSIBLE TO PERFORM

Tue, 23 Jun 2020 15:12:05 GMT

The problem is that, whereas there are regulatory upper limits for asbestos fibers in air, there are none for asbestos in settled dust. Following asbestos abatement projects, asbestos fiber concentrations in the air must be below 0.01 fibers per cubic centimeter of air. Following an abatement project in a school, the AHERA upper limit is 70 structures per cubic centimeter of air as analyzed via Transmission Electron Microscopy. In addition, OSHA has a Permissible Exposure Limit of 0.1 fibers per cubic centimeter of air for workers over and eight-hour shift. Thus, a certain number of fibers are allowed in the indoor environment in virtually all situations. The problem is – what to do when the dust has settled and is no longer airborne? Unfortunately, there isn’t a viable solution.

As it currently stands in Massachusetts, if any asbestos is discovered in a dust sample, the area is considered contaminated. Firstly, this makes absolutely no sense. If a certain number of fibers are allowed in the air, how can there not be an allowable concentration of asbestos in settled dust? Why is it acceptable to have asbestos in the breathing zone of a school but not in the corner of an uncleaned basement? Why are the fibers acceptable when they are in the air, but unacceptable once they land? This makes absolutely no sense, especially when considering the fact that many studies have shown that samples taken in almost any building will contain some asbestos. ^1,2

In addition to making no sense, it actually robs the public of a useful test that could reduce potential exposure. As it currently stands, the building owner must fully decontaminate areas where asbestos is detected in settled dust. Since sampling for asbestos in dust is not required by regulation, why would any building owner ever go through with it? Similarly, schools are not able to determine potential historical contamination events, since the consequences would most likely be financially disastrous. How would a school system be able to shoulder the financial burden of decontaminating entire school buildings? One could always perform air sampling, but this does not address the problem of asbestos in settled dust. Thus, there remains no viable option for determining historical contamination within a building. And that’s unfortunate.

It is not as if the idea of an upper limit of asbestos in settled dust is impossible or even unprecedented.

In the wake of the collapse of the World Trade Center towers on September 11, 2001, the US EPA organized a panel of experts to weigh in on appropriate methods for determining the need for asbestos decontamination in buildings. The final results were compiled in a document entitled “WORLD TRADE CENTER INDOOR DUST TEST AND CLEAN PROGRAM PLAN,” and dated November, 2005. This document refers to results of studies performed by James Millette and Steven Hayes published in their book Settled Asbestos Dust Sampling and Analysis. It also references the EPA action level established by the EPA for triggering a cleanup in a residential dwelling in Libby, Montana, which had experienced extensive asbestos contamination. After considering available information and seeking guidance from scientists and industry experts, the EPA established a benchmark of 5,000 asbestos structures per square centimeter for asbestos in settled dust. This means that samples containing fewer than 5,000 S/cm ² would be below the action level.

It is truly unfortunate that regulatory agencies simply do not allow for sampling of asbestos dust. We have the methodology, we have the technology, and we have the precedent of successful application of upper limits in certain situations. Why take away such a potentially useful tool to ascertain historical contamination? It is high time that regulatory agencies invest the time, money, and effort into establishing upper limits to asbestos in dust so that these tools at our disposal can be better used to protect workers, occupants, and the public at large.

Crankshaw, Owen. Perkins, Robert, Beard, Michael. “An Overview of Settled Dust Analytical Methods and their Relative Effectiveness” in Beard, M.E. and Rook, H.L., Advances in Environmental Measurement Methods for Asbestos, ASTM STP 1342, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 2000, p. 360.
Millette, James, Hayes, Steve M., Settled Asbestos Dust Sampling & Analysis, CRC Press, 1994.

If you have any asbestos questions on your project, please give us a call or submit your inquiry by pressing the button below. One of our experts will get back to you right away!

An Introduction to Viruses & Bacteria

Thu, 18 Jun 2020 15:09:35 GMT

Viruses and bacteria have a lot in common. They are so small that they can only be seen under a microscope. Viruses and bacteria are literally found everywhere: in the air, water, and soil; on indoor and outdoor surfaces; and finally, on and in sick – and healthy - humans. They contain genetic material (DNA and/or RNA) that directs the functions of every living cell. This genetic material can become altered or mutated and cause changes in the virus or bacteria. Mutations from long ago explain why certain viruses and bacteria tolerate harsh conditions including extreme temperatures, droughts, or corrosive environments. Mutations are quite common. A study by the UCL Genetics Institute identified almost 200 distinct mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 virus!

Not all viruses and bacteria are pathogenic. Many are harmless and some are even beneficial. For example, did you know that approximately 3 trillion bacteria live on or in our bodies? They are collectively known as our microbiome. It has many functions, including fighting off potentially harmful infections. For example, Staphylococcus epidermis, a bacterium which normally resides on our skin, can inhibit the pathogenic properties of bacteria that cause MERSA and other skin diseases. We are learning more and more about our gut microbiome. Researchers are discovering the vital role that it plays in our immune system in addition to its role in the digestive process.

Regarding harmless or beneficial viruses, did you know that approximately 70% of US citizens test positive for HSV-1, the herpes simplex virus that causes cold sores? Some HSV-1 infected individuals will never experience a cold sore outbreak whereas others will. HSV-1 that is not actively expressed with cold sores is considered dormant or latent. There is evidence suggesting that latent HSV-1 protects the body against assaults by more harmful pathogens.

Researchers are working to use the cell-destroying properties of viruses for beneficial purposes. Specifically, they are attempting to inject viruses into cancer patients in a way that allows them to target, infect, and kill cancer cells. The FDA approved this type of oncolytic virus therapy for use in melanoma patients back in 2015.

Viruses and bacteria differ in a number of ways. Viruses are almost always much smaller than bacteria. They contain only DNA or only RNA, whereas bacteria contain both of these molecule types. Some bacteria can form spores that allow them to be dormant during harsh conditions – and become functional when favorable conditions return. Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics whereas viral infections do not respond to this drug type.

The most significant difference between these 2 groups is that unlike bacteria, viruses are not able to live and reproduce on their own. Their survival depends on their ability to invade a host organism and then use the machinery inside the host’s cells to make copies of themselves.

This last difference is the basis for the argument that viruses are not living things – and should not be referred to as microoganisms. This is also why some people say that EPA List N disinfectants “kill” bacteria but “inactivate” viruses.

Bacteria and viruses are here to stay. As always, research will help us increase our understanding of these 2 groups: specifically, how to combat pathogenic viruses and bacteria and how to leverage their beneficial properties – be they living, non-living, or somewhere in between!

If you have any questions please click the button below!

Return To Work - Localized General Exhaust Ventilation and COVID-19

Tue, 09 Jun 2020 15:07:39 GMT

In an office or any interior environment, it is important to look beyond masks to minimize the spread of the Coronavirus. A basic principle of industrial hygiene is to use ventilation to control the release of a contaminant.

Local exhaust is placed as close to the source of release as possible to remove the contaminant at its source. A less effective control is to use general ventilation to dilute the contaminant. With the Coronavirus, the source is an infected individual. It is not feasible to control the release at the source (exhaled breath). It is also less than ideal to use general office ventilation that requires the airborne droplet nuclei to travel across the room before being captured by an HVAC return air opening in a wall.

A third alternative, localized general exhaust ventilation, may be a viable option. The sketch shows one possible option. By placing an exhaust duct close to where a group of workers generally spend most of their time, the droplet nuclei can be captured by the HVAC system very soon after being released by an infected worker. The concept is not 100% effective but may be a step up from a traditional HVAC return air setup.

The sketch shows one possible arrangement. Creative people can conceive of many other arrangements.

The same concept would work at a restaurant if the exhaust inlet were placed above the center of a table.

The exhaust air could be provided by the facility HVAC system with a MERV 14 filter or better or by a recirculating HEPA filter unit.

We can assist with ventilation design concepts that are specific to your needs. Contact us and see how we can help you return to work safely!

Facemasks 101

Fri, 05 Jun 2020 15:05:49 GMT

For example, Smart Air identified many fabrics with filtration efficiencies of 79% or higher. On the other hand, the cotton bandanas and ramie scarves that they tested had efficiencies of 36% and 24%, respectively. Let’s use these scientific findings to get the best facemask possible.

Look for a facemask with the following features:

Good filtering properties. 2 layers of cotton (the higher the thread count, the better) are ideal. Check the material in your facemask by holding it up to the light. Can you see pinpoints of light or a lot of light coming through (bad)? Alternatively, is the light intensity significantly reduced (good)?
A bendable insert that allows you to fit it around the bridge of your nose. This feature helps seal the upper part of the facemask against your skin.
A pocket or opening that allows you to insert a filter. Smart Air found that paper towels and certain coffee filter brands had excellent filtration properties.

Now is a good time to highlight that all facemasks make breathing more difficult. A mask with excellent filtration may make it hard to breathe, especially if you wear it for extended periods. You may need to experiment with different fabrics and filters before you find a combination that protects well and is reasonably comfortable.

The best facemask will not do any good with poor use. Be sure to:

Completely cover your nose, mouth, and chin. This should be obvious but we have observed many people wearing facemasks with their entire nose exposed.
Get a snug fit. Virus particles will migrate inside the facemask through openings where the mask is supposed to contact the skin. The bigger the opening, the better the entry point inside your mask. Individuals with petite faces may need to shorten the elastic straps that come with many masks to get a snug fit.
Handle the facemask by the straps only. Don’t let the outside of the mask contact your eyes, nose, or mouth. Wash or sanitize your hands before and after using it. Wash it with your regular laundry using the highest wash and dry temperatures. These actions will prevent you from inadvertently transmitting virus particles from the outside of the facemask to your eyes, nose, and mouth.

Maximum facemask performance relies heavily on proper use. Experimentally derived filtration efficiencies are the result of carefully controlled experiments. They use subjects who wear the mask exactly as its intended or use equipment that simulates an individual wearing a mask. It is difficult to replicate these perfect or near-perfect conditions in real life.

With that said, it’s possible to make or find a facemask that will do a good job of protecting you from contact with virus particles – and other harmful particles as well.

Smart Air Study: https://smartairfilters.com/en/blog/best-diy-coronavirus-homemade-mask-material-covid/

Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine Study: https://newsroom.wakehealth.edu/News-Releases/2020/04/Testing-Shows-Type-of-Cloth-Used-in-Homemade-Masks-Makes-a-Difference

Cashins & Associates, Inc. provides Covid-19 services including training, cleaning and disinfection, and business re-opening activities. Click on the icon below to submit your inquiry!

Disinfecting to Prevent COVID-19 Virus

Tue, 26 May 2020 11:54:05 GMT

Cleaning and disinfection are 2 different things. Cleaning relies on the physical removal of dirt and viruses (and other disease-causing microorganisms) from surfaces. Soap helps loosen the virus particles and the water rinse ultimately removes them from the surface. These principles apply to hand washing as well. In both situations quality matters: thorough washing removes greater numbers of virus particles.

Cleaning reduces the number of germs on a surface but does not totally eliminate them. This is why disinfection, the chemical deactivation of virus particles, is so important. Chemical deactivation of the Covid-19 virus requires the following:

Using a product on the EPA's "List N". They “meet EPA’s criteria for use against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19”. Each product has a unique EPA registration number that is normally on the product label. You can find EPA’s List N here: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/list-n-disinfectants-use-against-sars-cov-2

Verifying that the product has not expired (some have a limited shelf life) and that you are using it per the manufacturer’s instructions. Dilute concentrated solutions when required to do so. These concentrates are often corrosive and can cause severe damage to the eyes and skin. Wear the recommended PPE when handling these products.

Keeping the surface wet with disinfectant for the required “contact time.” These times vary and depend on the disinfectant in question. Contact times are in the last column in the above link. Times for common disinfection products are listed below:

NOTE: we have found that it can be difficult to keep surfaces wet for the required contact times. Unfortunately, the disinfectant often evaporates before the contact time is achieved. Be mindful of this issue. In the case of disinfecting wipes, consider wiping a surface, then wiping that same surface a second time before the first application evaporates.

Don’t cut corners and give yourself a false sense of security when it comes to disinfection. Use EPA-approved products in a way that keeps them wet on the surface in question for the required contact time. Your health and your company’s well-being - and reputation - rely on it and other Covid-19 protective measures.

Cashins & Associates, Inc. can help you with your Covid-19 needs, including re-opening your business in accordance with state and local rules and guidelines. Click on the link below to submit an inquiry. We look forward to hearing from you!

Choosing the Right PPE for Your Workers

Mon, 11 May 2020 14:24:30 GMT

The PPE Standard for General Industry explicitly requires hazard assessments when 1910.132(d)(1) says "the employer shall assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of personal protective equipment (PPE)."

The Construction Standard is more vague although the statement in 1926.95(a) that PPE shall be provided "... by reason of hazards of processes or environment, chemical hazards, ... encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body ... " implies that hazard assessments are an important part of a construction company's PPE program.

The best hazard assessments are conducted using a methodical process that includes a written guide or checklist. This approach helps to ensure that nothing is overlooked. Every task, including non-routine tasks, must be evaluated for potential hazards to the eyes, face, head, feet, hands/arms, bodies, and ears.

The hazard assessment results will dictate if PPE is required. If it is, the PPE selection process can now begin. It's crucial to select PPE that is commensurate with the hazard. For example, different chemical glove materials (nitrile, butyl, latex, etc.) provide different levels of protection against different chemicals - or virtually no protection at all. This means that an incorrect glove selection could give both the employer and the worker a false sense of security.

In another example, bump caps, which tend to be cheaper and more light-weight than hard hats, do not protect workers against overhead falling objects the way that hard hats do (they protect against "head bumps" into stationary objects such as low ceilings, overhead pipes, etc.). Issuing a bump cap to a worker who has a risk of overhead falling objects could be a deadly decision.

Employers in the General Industry sector must document their hazard assessments and PPE selections in written certificates of hazard assessment that identify the workplace evaluated, the hazard assessment date(s), and individual who performed the evaluations. While construction companies don't need to comply with this requirement, these certificates are sure to impress regulators, insurance representatives, or other interested parties.

There are many more items to consider when selecting PPE, including:

Compliance with ANSI* or other standards: OSHA often specifies that certain PPE items (safety glasses, safety shoes, etc.) comply with these standards
Fit: (an ill-fitting glove can introduce additional hazards to a task)

Cashins & Associates, Inc. is happy to help you with all of your PPE needs, as well as other Industrial Hygiene and Safety programs and topics. Click on the icon below to contact us!

AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION OF CORONAVIRUS

Fri, 24 Apr 2020 14:12:40 GMT

Small droplet nuclei particles can survive in the air for at least 3 hours(likely more). The very small viable particles follow the room air currents and can travel through HVAC systems.

It is especially important, while indoors, to adhere to social distancing and always wear a mask . These are primary control methods.

Beyond that, the control or reduction of small airborne particles is vitally important. The HVAC System should be reviewed to determine if changes can be made to reduce occupant’s exposure potential. Additionally, air flow patterns within a space and how those patterns can distribute viable airborne particles, positive or negative air pressure differences from one area to another, placement of HVAC inlets and outlets, physical barriers, aisles/walking patterns and openable windows are examples of things that can be evaluated to minimize airborne particle distribution.

The following should be considered:

Increase the % of outside air;
Operate the HVAC system in the “on” position so the fan operates continuously.
If possible, upgrade HVAC filters to MERV 14 or higher

Additional steps to consider in an office or enclosed environment include:

Limit number of people in the space.
Unofficial guideline – 1 person/40 sq. ft. or 1 person/6 linear foot
Reposition desks for optimal spacing.
Provide physical barriers
Use recirculating HEPA filtration units to supplement HVAC controls

A thoughtful approach is vital and must consider both obvious and less obvious sources of transmission, airborne pathways and control methods if there is to be a safe and effective way of preparing for the inevitable return to work or to ensure essential workers are properly protected.

Cashins & Associates, Inc can help with that process. We are available to discuss specific issues or review specific work sites. Click below to find out more.

Beryllium in the Workplace: OSHA Standards, Part 2

Fri, 21 Feb 2020 15:24:03 GMT

Hygiene Areas and Practices: provide washing facilities, change rooms, and eating/drinking areas. Prohibit workers from eating, drinking, smoking, chewing tobacco or gum, or applying cosmetics in areas where beryllium exposures exceed the OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of 0.2 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m ³ ) and Short-term Exposure Limit (STEL) of 2.0 μg/m ³ .
Housekeeping: keep all surfaces "as free as practicable" from beryllium. Use OSHA's prescribed cleaning methods to minimize airborne beryllium dust.
Medical Surveillance and Medical Removal: in brief, provide workers that meet certain criteria with medical exams which include a lung function test and a BeLPT blood test. Perform these at mandated intervals. In addition, provide OSHA-prescribed benefits to workers who qualify for medical removal.
Hazard Communication: provide information and training on beryllium and its hazards to affected workers. Post hazard warning signs and labels.
Recordkeeping: retain medical records (for the worker's duration of employment + 30 years), Industrial Hygiene air monitoring records (for at least 30 years), and training records (for 3 years).

The most notable differences between the OSHA Beryllium Standard for General Industry and the OSHA Beryllium Standard for Construction are described below.

General Industry-specific:

Work Areas and Regulated Areas: this requirement applies to the General Industry sector. Establish and maintain beryllium work and/or restricted areas when the criteria in the Standard are met. Use a means to demarcate them (signs must be posted in regulated areas) and limit access to regulated areas to personnel having roles described in the Standard.
Exposure Control Recommendations: Table A.1 in 1910.1024 lists minimal control strategies for various operations (beryllium oxide forming, chemical processing operations, etc.). While these are non-mandatory, they can help employers comply with the mandate to implement engineering and work practice controls to reduce airborne exposures.

Construction-specific:

Competent Person: designate a competent person whenever exposures are or "can reasonably be expected to be" exposed to beryllium above the PEL or STEL. This individual must inspect the job site, implement the written exposure control plan, and ensure that workers are wearing required PPE, including respirators. The competent person must have the "knowledge, ability, and authority" to fulfill these responsibilities.

Finally, some comments on compliance dates: while both Standards were effective on March 10, 2017, there are staggered compliance dates for the various requirements in each standard. These due dates sometimes differ between the 2 Standards. For example, General Industry had until March 12, 2018 to comply with the housekeeping requirements whereas Construction has until September 30, 2020 to comply with housekeeping mandates.

This article, along with our Part 1 article, highlights the key requirements of OSHA's Beryllium Standards for General Industry and Construction. Virtually each item listed above has additional detailed information that is key to successful implementation and compliance.

Cashins can help you navigate through this OSHA requirement and many more Industrial Hygiene and Safety issues. You can contact us by clicking on the icon below. We look forward to hearing from you!

Beryllium in the Workplace: OSHA Standards, Part 1

Tue, 04 Feb 2020 15:27:10 GMT

The Standards went into effect on March 17, 2017. While they share a lot of the same requirements, there are some notable differences. Let’s start with some of the requirements that are common to both Standards. First, the new PEL for beryllium is 0.2 µg/m ³ (micrograms per cubic meter). This means that a worker’s 8-hour time-weighted average exposure to airborne beryllium, including all beryllium-containing compounds, must be below this value. In addition, 15-minute time-weighted average exposures must be below 2 µg/m ³ . This exposure limit is referred to as a STEL, or a Short-term Exposure Limit.

Secondly, both Standards require employers to assess airborne exposures of workers who are or “may reasonably be expected” to have exposures exceeding either the PEL or the STEL. Employers have 2 ways of performing these industrial hygiene assessments: they can use a combination of air monitoring data and objective data to assess each employee’s exposure OR perform initial PEL and STEL monitoring. This second option, known as the “scheduled monitoring option”, allows employers to perform exposure monitoring on a representative fraction of the workers, rather than each individual worker. The initial results will dictate if repeat monitoring is required, and at what frequency.

Both Standards also require employers to 1) implement engineering and work practice controls which reduce beryllium exposures; 2) develop a written exposure control plan ; 3) provide respiratory protection in conjunction with a written respiratory protection plan; and 4) provide personal protective clothing and equipment along with procedures for removing, storing, cleaning, and replacing these items.

Future articles will focus on other beryllium Standard requirements that apply to General Industry and Construction businesses. Stay tuned and let us know if you have questions about beryllium exposures, compliance with OSHA’s beryllium Standards, or other Industrial Hygiene or Safety-related issues. Contact us by clicking on the link below. We look forward to hearing from you!

Beryllium in the Workplace: Adverse Health Effects

Thu, 07 Nov 2019 15:30:22 GMT

Beryllium’s Adverse Health Effects:

Eye contact with beryllium and its compounds can cause irritation reactions. In other words, the eyes may become red and you may experience itchy or burning feelings and tearing or dryness. Skin contact with beryllium and its compounds can trigger a sensitization reaction. Sensitization reactions are more commonly referred to as allergic reaction. Like allergic reactions to bee stings or cat dander, not every worker who is exposed to beryllium will develop a beryllium allergy. Unfortunately, we can’t predict which workers will become allergic to beryllium and which ones won’t.

Allergic skin reactions to beryllium cause contact dermatitis, which manifests itself as an itchy, red rash with dry, cracked skin or blisters. Like all allergic reactions, these symptoms will present every time a worker with beryllium allergy has skin contact with this chemical. The severity of these reactions tends to increase with each additional exposure.

Inhaled beryllium can be very damaging to the lungs. Specifically, it can cause Acute Beryllium Disease, which is characterized by a quick on-set of bronchitis-like symptoms. These symptoms follow brief exposures to very high concentrations of beryllium (usually at or greater than 100 micrograms per cubic meter). Luckily this form of beryllium disease rarely occurs because commonly-implemented exposure controls keep airborne beryllium concentrations below this danger threshold.

Unfortunately, many of today’s beryllium workers are at risk of developing other lung diseases, like Chronic Beryllium Disease. Granulomas in the lung are hallmarks of this disease. Ironically, these structures are made up of immune cells called macrophages. Our body recruits these immune cells to lung tissue to digest the beryllium particles which have deposited there. These accumulations of macrophages ultimately scar the lung tissue and interfere with normal lung function. The role of immune cells in Chronic Beryllium Disease means that like the contact dermatitis described above, it is a type of sensitization or allergic reaction.

Chronic Beryllium Disease includes symptoms such as difficulty breathing, coughing, fatigue, and weight loss. It can be treated but it is ultimately irreversible. In addition, it can progress to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Finally, OSHA, the National Toxicology Program, and International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) all classify beryllium as a known human carcinogen. Specifically, these groups assert that beryllium and its compounds increase a worker’s risk of lung cancer. Like Chronic Beryllium Disease, lung cancer is often irreversible.

The adverse health effects described above occur when beryllium and its compound get in the eyes, on the skin, and in the lungs. Employers who have workers that handle beryllium and its compounds must implement exposure control methods that eliminate beryllium exposures or keep them well below concentrations that are known to be harmful.

Cashins & Associates, Inc. can help you evaluate beryllium exposures, identify exposure control methods, and comply with OSHA’s Beryllium Standard. Contact us by clicking on the link below. We look forward to hearing from you!